Difference between revisions of "Introduction"
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<div class="author">Élodie Mugrefya, Femke Snelting</div> | <div class="author">Élodie Mugrefya, Femke Snelting</div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | DiVersions engaged with digital [[Words#Cultural heritage|cultural heritage]] to experiment with its potential for welcoming various forms of collaboration, for conflicts to show up, and to make space for other narratives. In dialogue with cultural [[Words#Institution|institutions]] and their [[Words#E-collection|e-collections]], DiVersions opened up metadata, [[Words#Database|databases]], catalogs and digital infrastructures for other imaginations. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The four year project was organized around seven artistic experiments that evolved in response to specific digital and digitized collections such as WikiMedia, the Carmentis database from the Museum for Art & History and the website of Werkplaats immaterieel erfgoed. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DiVersions committed to [[Words#Decolonial|decolonial]] and [[Words#Intersectional|intersectional]] perspectives because it seemed more than necessary to imagine e-collections and other digital cultural heritage manifestations as sites that hold possibilities for marginalized and non-normative narratives. E-collections can be tools for resistance against oppression and annihilation; they can be self-reflexive and aware of the colonial violence that powers them and keeps them in place. Yet, the institutional and technological practice of constructing them is deeply entrenched in efforts to sort out and [[Words#Categorization|categorize]] the world. If we do not pay attention, normative and invisibilizing modes such as the application of seemingly neutral criteria, templates, standards, and so on will continue and intensify the epistemic and sometimes physical colonial violence that brought these collections together in the first place. For example, database technologies routinely affirm the authority of certain kinds of experts and not others; algorithms corroborate gender cliches and Wikipedia has surprisingly little space for deviating world views. If we do not question the many complex layers that hold e-collections together, digitization will contribute to keeping the conditions and methods for access, representation and conservation firmly in the hands of colonial and institutional powers. DiVersions therefore not only attended to which items are brought together in e-collections, but also to the way metadata, software packages and web technologies prevent or provide space for “Di-Versions”. | ||
+ | |||
+ | When we initiated DiVersions in 2016, we intuitively felt that the potential in on-line collections might be activated if confronted with the software-practice of “[[Words#Versioning|versioning]]”. Versioning is a method for dealing with divergence in networked collaborations. While originally developed to track software production, it is implemented in Wikis, etherpads and other digital writing tools that automatically save log files and so-called “diffs”. These meticously logged workflows make the incremental process of shared editing transparent, or at least to machines, since any action can be reversed or repeated at any time; errors or unwanted inputs can be later corrected. Even if the conventional narrative of “versioning” is one of streamlining collaboration and producing consensus, these techniques and technologies do pay attention to difference. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Four years later, we are starting to see the possibilities and limitations of what versioning might do for e-collections. Beyond being a technocratic solution for large-scale software production, versioning helps to insist that the framing of any cultural object is processual and never finite. It supports reflexive modes of doing by making processes interrogable and creates openings for intervention and response; if only because it allows for a comparison between different phases in a project and provides the means to take a step back if needed. But the mechanics of versioning are only a small part of the puzzle. One of the limitations of conventional versioning practice for example, is the assumption of linearity which too easily confirms a sense of progressive evolution, especially when considering latest as best. The awkwardness of numbering versions becomes apparent when considering the various elements they interact with: time, urgencies, geographies, (un)welcome shifts between digital and physical, sociopolitical climates, etc. How to express versions as stops, u-turns, parallel tracks, bumps and slips that happen throughout a process? | ||
+ | |||
+ | It is here that the decolonial and intersectional potential of versioning starts to emerge. By providing different points of intervention, versioning can support a culture of critique that contributes to the flourishing of politically urgent practices for re-doing, re-thinking, re-stituting and re-orienting. Decolonial and intersectional modes of versioning seek polyphony and demand read-write access to histories. They make sure various versions not only co-exist but also interact in ways that can take the complexities related to [[Words#Cultural heritage|heritage]] into account. This potential is linked to the fact that digital collections can technically be copied, repeated, downloaded, and used in many contexts at once. In contrast with some of the arguments against [[Words#Restitution|restitution]] for example, it means that the physical vulnerability, material and historical value of objects is no reason for keeping them in place. This opens up possibilities for other accounts of heritage, provenance and ownership and even makes it imaginable that Western institutions could let go of physical objects that were not theirs to begin with. | ||
+ | |||
+ | To consider other narratives means to open up digital collections and their stories as collective authorship, an understanding of heritage that is neither individually owned nor arranged along linear lines. Some institutions apply [[Words#Open Access|Open Content licenses]] to invite diverse audiences to use and re-use e-collections, others deploy digitization to communicate and assert their authority over the presentation and representation of objects. In both cases, the assumption of ownership-as-authorship remains deeply rooted in the Western framework of intellectual property. Developing other relations with digital cultural heritage objects therefor is not a simple matter of releasing [[Words#Digitization|digital doubles]] under open licenses, but involves an opening up the conceptual, legal and technical frameworks they operate in. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <div class="big-image onlyscreen">[[File:IMG_8666.JPG|600px|frame|Browsing the inventory of the Museum for Art & History with curator Emiel Van Binnebeke, DiVersions worksession (2016)]]</div> | ||
+ | |||
+ | DiVersions started with a worksession organized by Constant in 2016 in the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels.<ref>The Museum has in the mean time shed its royal reference and was renamed into Museum for Art & History.</ref> With the neologism “DiVersions” we wanted to allude to the possibility that technologies of “versioning” might foreground divergent histories. In Dutch, this became “di-versies” as a play on divergent or diverse versions. Translated to English and French, DiVersions also evokes “[[Words#Diversity|diversity]]”, a term that we increasingly struggled with because especially in institutional contexts it started to circulate as a blanket term for covering up issues of inequality and oppression. When the worksession took place, the Museum was in the final stages of digitizing its eclectic collection: some 330,000 objects including clay tablets, tapestries, mummies, ancient jewelry, vases, coins had been inventoried. Our presence at this moment in time allowed us to put the concrete practices of art-history, cataloging and digitization technologies in relation with performances, reflections, prototypes and other types of experiments.<ref>DiVersions started with a worksession in December 2016, organised in collaboration with the Museum for Arts and History. Documentation: http://constantvzw.org/w/?u=http://media.constantvzw.org/wefts/41/</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The project revived a few years later, in 2019, to pursue and deepen the interrogations we touched upon during the worksession. This restart happened in a social-political context that was already very different than the one in 2016. By then, many discussions about museums and their archives were taking place as the former Museum of Central Africa reopened its doors after 5 years of renovation. Along extensive and expensive renovation works, the museum claimed to be going through a decolonial process. This assertion attracted critiques, but also much discussion regarding whether such institution, which is thought and created as an agent of the Belgian colonial enterprise, was in a position to even attend to such a critical process. As a result, the problematization of Belgium's colonial heritage in relation to its symbols and institutions, such as museums, became a point of attention and contention in national debates to a degree and visibility that was rather unusual in Belgium. Following these debates, the potential of DiVersions to work with and through these concerns appeared to be even more evident, though it required us to articulate the politics of the project more explicitly. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DiVersions organized around seven artistic experiments which each deploy their own artistic strategies to test out how techniques and technologies of networked collaboration might generate other imaginations. The projects are collectively developed in dialogue with each other and in conversation with partner institutions. How can different orders coexist in online collections? In what way do we make room for material and immaterial heritage of the future, for things that are felt to be beyond the scope of museums and archives, or for other things that are consciously being ignored? How can these digital environments allow us to open up a discussion on relations between categorization, colonization and heritage? How can online collections accommodate radically different, and sometimes opposing perspectives? | ||
+ | |||
+ | For the first materialization in October 2019, seven installations were activated in De Pianofabriek (Brussels), accompanied by a first version of this publication. Brought together in a sensitive and humorous [[scenography]] by Mia Melvaer and Cristina Cochior, the installations formed a context for multiple meetings, discussions and guided tours which invited participants, project partners and visitors to consider e-collections with a decolonial and intersectional perspective. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The second unfolding of DiVersions was prepared in collaboration with De Krook (Ghent) and UGent. It would have been an exciting occasion to share our findings with the many visitors passing every day through the library but due to pandemic conditions, this final event transformed into a digital exhibition that was launched in June 2020. While the shift on-line came first from constraint, it brought also another dimension to the installations that foregrounded and questioned the technologies which surround e-collections. For some projects such as [[The Weight of things]], the digital shift felt as a logic extension to their research. Other projects such as [[A new fire ceremony]] and [[Material journeys]] had to radically rethink the tools and interfaces by which they were addressing e-collections. For again others such as [[Sketchy Recognition]], [[OTHERVERSIONS]] and [[Collection of uncertainties]] the on-line exhibition provided an occasion to extend and document the ongoing process. Yet others like [[When organic trees meet the data tree]] decided to propose an entirely new project. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The contributions to this second publication, project documentation included, each in their own way resist simplification and homogenization. They pay attention to the historicity and performativity of digital archives and work with their contradictions rather than against them. This book is an attempt to articulate interconnected threads such as authorship, ownership, revision and restitution that emerged over time, and to make explicit things that were sometimes latent. The generative potential of the artist propositions is activated through their multi-layered documentation and by additional ‘[[Words#Prosm|prosms]]’ such as the intervention of Anne Laforet who took a close look at each of the artistic propositions to render them for us in the publication. | ||
+ | |||
+ | There is also a careful weaving work at play in between the two versions of this publication. Republished contributions are challenged by extensions and new contributions that were invited along the way; there are explicit reworkings and corrections; others are addressed with direct responses. Together with the designers from OSP we brought these materials together in a multi-track book and interconnected wiki that invites the reader to explore different temporalities and non-linear versions. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Our commitment to intersectional and decolonial perspectives made us pay attention to an understanding of histories in plural and to efforts that try to grasp how they entangle with one another. If we consider decolonial work as a proposal for generative gestures of thinking and doing that start elsewhere than at the ongoing historical and neo-colonial regimes, versioning might be a way for considering different interfering patterns. By accounting for the inclusions and exclusions that are acting on the digital archive, the violence of these archives effectively emerges from the obscurity preserved by cultural institutions’ operations, but also opens up tracks for imagining the agency of collections and their items outside of normalized frameworks of authority and ownership. | ||
+ | |||
+ | This publication marks the last iteration of DiVersions, but it is not an ending. DiVersions provided an environment to together engage with some of the complexities and urgencies around e-collections, over several rounds and in different constellations. It is this temporary context that we close off now, but the intricacies of working through all those scales collectively, is something that we will stay with and come back to. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
DiVersions is inspired by the software-practice of “versioning”, as a way to experiment with online collections of cultural institutions. It approaches these collections as potential sites for de-colonial and intersectional practice, that could and should allow for conflict, invite collaboration, and make space for other narratives. | DiVersions is inspired by the software-practice of “versioning”, as a way to experiment with online collections of cultural institutions. It approaches these collections as potential sites for de-colonial and intersectional practice, that could and should allow for conflict, invite collaboration, and make space for other narratives. |
Revision as of 13:33, 22 November 2020
DiVersions: an introduction
DiVersions engaged with digital cultural heritage to experiment with its potential for welcoming various forms of collaboration, for conflicts to show up, and to make space for other narratives. In dialogue with cultural institutions and their e-collections, DiVersions opened up metadata, databases, catalogs and digital infrastructures for other imaginations.
The four year project was organized around seven artistic experiments that evolved in response to specific digital and digitized collections such as WikiMedia, the Carmentis database from the Museum for Art & History and the website of Werkplaats immaterieel erfgoed.
DiVersions committed to decolonial and intersectional perspectives because it seemed more than necessary to imagine e-collections and other digital cultural heritage manifestations as sites that hold possibilities for marginalized and non-normative narratives. E-collections can be tools for resistance against oppression and annihilation; they can be self-reflexive and aware of the colonial violence that powers them and keeps them in place. Yet, the institutional and technological practice of constructing them is deeply entrenched in efforts to sort out and categorize the world. If we do not pay attention, normative and invisibilizing modes such as the application of seemingly neutral criteria, templates, standards, and so on will continue and intensify the epistemic and sometimes physical colonial violence that brought these collections together in the first place. For example, database technologies routinely affirm the authority of certain kinds of experts and not others; algorithms corroborate gender cliches and Wikipedia has surprisingly little space for deviating world views. If we do not question the many complex layers that hold e-collections together, digitization will contribute to keeping the conditions and methods for access, representation and conservation firmly in the hands of colonial and institutional powers. DiVersions therefore not only attended to which items are brought together in e-collections, but also to the way metadata, software packages and web technologies prevent or provide space for “Di-Versions”.
When we initiated DiVersions in 2016, we intuitively felt that the potential in on-line collections might be activated if confronted with the software-practice of “versioning”. Versioning is a method for dealing with divergence in networked collaborations. While originally developed to track software production, it is implemented in Wikis, etherpads and other digital writing tools that automatically save log files and so-called “diffs”. These meticously logged workflows make the incremental process of shared editing transparent, or at least to machines, since any action can be reversed or repeated at any time; errors or unwanted inputs can be later corrected. Even if the conventional narrative of “versioning” is one of streamlining collaboration and producing consensus, these techniques and technologies do pay attention to difference.
Four years later, we are starting to see the possibilities and limitations of what versioning might do for e-collections. Beyond being a technocratic solution for large-scale software production, versioning helps to insist that the framing of any cultural object is processual and never finite. It supports reflexive modes of doing by making processes interrogable and creates openings for intervention and response; if only because it allows for a comparison between different phases in a project and provides the means to take a step back if needed. But the mechanics of versioning are only a small part of the puzzle. One of the limitations of conventional versioning practice for example, is the assumption of linearity which too easily confirms a sense of progressive evolution, especially when considering latest as best. The awkwardness of numbering versions becomes apparent when considering the various elements they interact with: time, urgencies, geographies, (un)welcome shifts between digital and physical, sociopolitical climates, etc. How to express versions as stops, u-turns, parallel tracks, bumps and slips that happen throughout a process?
It is here that the decolonial and intersectional potential of versioning starts to emerge. By providing different points of intervention, versioning can support a culture of critique that contributes to the flourishing of politically urgent practices for re-doing, re-thinking, re-stituting and re-orienting. Decolonial and intersectional modes of versioning seek polyphony and demand read-write access to histories. They make sure various versions not only co-exist but also interact in ways that can take the complexities related to heritage into account. This potential is linked to the fact that digital collections can technically be copied, repeated, downloaded, and used in many contexts at once. In contrast with some of the arguments against restitution for example, it means that the physical vulnerability, material and historical value of objects is no reason for keeping them in place. This opens up possibilities for other accounts of heritage, provenance and ownership and even makes it imaginable that Western institutions could let go of physical objects that were not theirs to begin with.
To consider other narratives means to open up digital collections and their stories as collective authorship, an understanding of heritage that is neither individually owned nor arranged along linear lines. Some institutions apply Open Content licenses to invite diverse audiences to use and re-use e-collections, others deploy digitization to communicate and assert their authority over the presentation and representation of objects. In both cases, the assumption of ownership-as-authorship remains deeply rooted in the Western framework of intellectual property. Developing other relations with digital cultural heritage objects therefor is not a simple matter of releasing digital doubles under open licenses, but involves an opening up the conceptual, legal and technical frameworks they operate in.
DiVersions started with a worksession organized by Constant in 2016 in the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels.[1] With the neologism “DiVersions” we wanted to allude to the possibility that technologies of “versioning” might foreground divergent histories. In Dutch, this became “di-versies” as a play on divergent or diverse versions. Translated to English and French, DiVersions also evokes “diversity”, a term that we increasingly struggled with because especially in institutional contexts it started to circulate as a blanket term for covering up issues of inequality and oppression. When the worksession took place, the Museum was in the final stages of digitizing its eclectic collection: some 330,000 objects including clay tablets, tapestries, mummies, ancient jewelry, vases, coins had been inventoried. Our presence at this moment in time allowed us to put the concrete practices of art-history, cataloging and digitization technologies in relation with performances, reflections, prototypes and other types of experiments.[2]
The project revived a few years later, in 2019, to pursue and deepen the interrogations we touched upon during the worksession. This restart happened in a social-political context that was already very different than the one in 2016. By then, many discussions about museums and their archives were taking place as the former Museum of Central Africa reopened its doors after 5 years of renovation. Along extensive and expensive renovation works, the museum claimed to be going through a decolonial process. This assertion attracted critiques, but also much discussion regarding whether such institution, which is thought and created as an agent of the Belgian colonial enterprise, was in a position to even attend to such a critical process. As a result, the problematization of Belgium's colonial heritage in relation to its symbols and institutions, such as museums, became a point of attention and contention in national debates to a degree and visibility that was rather unusual in Belgium. Following these debates, the potential of DiVersions to work with and through these concerns appeared to be even more evident, though it required us to articulate the politics of the project more explicitly.
DiVersions organized around seven artistic experiments which each deploy their own artistic strategies to test out how techniques and technologies of networked collaboration might generate other imaginations. The projects are collectively developed in dialogue with each other and in conversation with partner institutions. How can different orders coexist in online collections? In what way do we make room for material and immaterial heritage of the future, for things that are felt to be beyond the scope of museums and archives, or for other things that are consciously being ignored? How can these digital environments allow us to open up a discussion on relations between categorization, colonization and heritage? How can online collections accommodate radically different, and sometimes opposing perspectives?
For the first materialization in October 2019, seven installations were activated in De Pianofabriek (Brussels), accompanied by a first version of this publication. Brought together in a sensitive and humorous scenography by Mia Melvaer and Cristina Cochior, the installations formed a context for multiple meetings, discussions and guided tours which invited participants, project partners and visitors to consider e-collections with a decolonial and intersectional perspective.
The second unfolding of DiVersions was prepared in collaboration with De Krook (Ghent) and UGent. It would have been an exciting occasion to share our findings with the many visitors passing every day through the library but due to pandemic conditions, this final event transformed into a digital exhibition that was launched in June 2020. While the shift on-line came first from constraint, it brought also another dimension to the installations that foregrounded and questioned the technologies which surround e-collections. For some projects such as The Weight of things, the digital shift felt as a logic extension to their research. Other projects such as A new fire ceremony and Material journeys had to radically rethink the tools and interfaces by which they were addressing e-collections. For again others such as Sketchy Recognition, OTHERVERSIONS and Collection of uncertainties the on-line exhibition provided an occasion to extend and document the ongoing process. Yet others like When organic trees meet the data tree decided to propose an entirely new project.
The contributions to this second publication, project documentation included, each in their own way resist simplification and homogenization. They pay attention to the historicity and performativity of digital archives and work with their contradictions rather than against them. This book is an attempt to articulate interconnected threads such as authorship, ownership, revision and restitution that emerged over time, and to make explicit things that were sometimes latent. The generative potential of the artist propositions is activated through their multi-layered documentation and by additional ‘prosms’ such as the intervention of Anne Laforet who took a close look at each of the artistic propositions to render them for us in the publication.
There is also a careful weaving work at play in between the two versions of this publication. Republished contributions are challenged by extensions and new contributions that were invited along the way; there are explicit reworkings and corrections; others are addressed with direct responses. Together with the designers from OSP we brought these materials together in a multi-track book and interconnected wiki that invites the reader to explore different temporalities and non-linear versions.
Our commitment to intersectional and decolonial perspectives made us pay attention to an understanding of histories in plural and to efforts that try to grasp how they entangle with one another. If we consider decolonial work as a proposal for generative gestures of thinking and doing that start elsewhere than at the ongoing historical and neo-colonial regimes, versioning might be a way for considering different interfering patterns. By accounting for the inclusions and exclusions that are acting on the digital archive, the violence of these archives effectively emerges from the obscurity preserved by cultural institutions’ operations, but also opens up tracks for imagining the agency of collections and their items outside of normalized frameworks of authority and ownership.
This publication marks the last iteration of DiVersions, but it is not an ending. DiVersions provided an environment to together engage with some of the complexities and urgencies around e-collections, over several rounds and in different constellations. It is this temporary context that we close off now, but the intricacies of working through all those scales collectively, is something that we will stay with and come back to.
DiVersions is inspired by the software-practice of “versioning”, as a way to experiment with online collections of cultural institutions. It approaches these collections as potential sites for de-colonial and intersectional practice, that could and should allow for conflict, invite collaboration, and make space for other narratives.
DiVersions asks questions such as: how can different orders coexist in online collections? In what way do we make room for material and immaterial heritage of the future, for things that are felt to be beyond the scope of museums and archives, or for other things that are consciously being ignored? How can these digital environments allow us to open up a discussion on relations between categorisation, colonisation and heritage? How can online collections accommodate radically different, and sometimes opposing perspectives?
The project is organised around seven artistic experiments that evolved in response to specific e-collections such as WikiMedia, the Carmentis database from the Museum for Art and History and the website of Werkplaats immaterieel erfgoed. Using a variety of artistic strategies, the projects test out in practice how techniques and technologies of networked collaboration might generate other imaginations. The projects are collectively developed in dialogue with each other and in conversation with partner institutions. DiVersions unfolds in two subsequent public installations, first in Pianofabriek in Brussels and later in De Krook in Ghent. Each of the two versions is accompanied by a version of a publication, a workshop and a public discussion.
With the neologism “DiVersions” we wanted to allude to the possibility that technologies of “versioning” might foreground divergent histories.[3] Version-control systems, Wikis, etherpads and other digital writing tools save log files and so-called “diffs” routinely, potentially changing linear relations between original and copy, redefining questions of authorship and the archive. Meticulously logged workflows promise to make the process of shared editing transparent since any action can be reversed or repeated at any time; errors or unwanted inputs can be later corrected. Even if the conventional narrative of “versioning” is one of streamlining collaboration and producing consensus, these techniques and technologies inherently pay attention to difference. In Dutch, this became “di-versies” as a play on divergent or diverse versions. Translated to English and French, DiVersions also evokes “diversity”, a term that especially in institutional contexts started to circulate as a blanket term for covering up issues of inequality and oppression.[4]. It is for this reason that we decided to explicitly articulate the project as a decolonial and intersectional practice.
Framing DiVersions as both “decolonial” and “intersectional” could appear as a contradictory gesture, if we consider that the practice of constructing a (digital) collection is deeply entrenched in colonial efforts to sort out and categorize the world, including humans. DiVersions is consciously making this paradoxical move because it seems more than necessary to imagine, without attempting to repair, e-collections that can become self-reflexive and aware of the physical and epistemic violence that powers them and keeps them in place. Starting from software processes that make the multiplicity of versions visible in the workings of a project or a process, DiVersions is an attempt to take into account the persistent complexities of human-to-human and human-to-machine relationships and the underlying tensions and conflicts that result from it.
In December 2016, when the first phase of DiVersions took place, the Museum of Tervuren was already closed for several years.[5] Three years later, just before relaunching the second phase, the museum had finally re-opened. The renovation was claimed to be a pivotal moment for the decolonisation of this institution, a fundamental symbol of the Belgian colonial enterprise. The re-opening prompted many heated debates on whether the museum did or did not succeed in its endeavour, but also on whether this institution, considering its inherent links with Belgian colonialism, could ever claim such a process. Not that the decolonial discourse was ever absent in Belgium, but it had not yet enjoyed the same mainstream platforms as it had during these debates.
The discussions surrounding the re-opening of the Museum of Tervuren made us realise that the work of DiVersions might be more urgent than we originally thought. Three years into the project, we are only at the beginning of addressing large questions, such as the implications of digital technologies on representation, collaboration and access; the inherent problems of archiving and collecting; the troubles of institutional normativity and the assumptions of homogeneous identity that slip into cultural heritage policy and above all, how all this plays out in the complex Belgian environment and its specific colonial history.
The construction of physical and digital repositories is a consequence of the social and symbolic capital that cultural heritage represents.[6] This value necessitates institutionalized archives, the keeping of digital/physical documents, and the establishment of codified practices that allow institutions to maintain their authority through classification and mediation. This mutual confirmation of what counts as heritage, as identity, as history and as beneficial future, constructs specific narratives that usually leave little room for a critique. However, especially in a digital context, possibilities might open up for archives of cultural artefacts that function as tools of resistance against oppression and annihilation.
To arrive at this potential is easier said than done as digital spaces themselves are permeated by seemingly neutral criteria, templates, standards, and so on. For example, database technologies routinely affirm the authority of certain kind of experts and not others; algorithms corroborate gender cliches and Wikipedia has surprisingly little space for deviating world views. DiVersions therefore not only attends to the digital items brought together in e-collections, but also to the way metadata, software packages and web technologies prevent or provide space for "Di-Versions".
Digital collections can technically be copied, repeated, downloaded, and used in many contexts at once. It means that the inertia of conventional arrangements operates differently; the physical vulnerability, material and historical value of heritage objects can not be used as an argument. DiVersions wants to actively explore the potential of digital collections to support a lively decolonial and intersectional discourse and the opening up of categories. DiVersions therefore experiments with digitized and digital heritage as a way to try out divergent forms of historiography, for telling untold stories and to open up wide the possibilities of conceptual de- and reconstruction. Even if these experiments do not definitively transform the symbolic order, it at least makes space for fantasies of it.
DiVersions continues some of the threads in Constant’s long commitment to the exploration of institutional and archival technologies from a feminist perspective. Multi-year investigations such as Active Archives, Mondotheque and Scandinavian Institute for Computational Vandalism provided platforms for different constellations of artist-researchers to come to terms with the power-relations, oppressions and projections at work in the (digital) archive. As DiVersions shows, such work is never finished and continues to invite reflection, critique and new attempts. We need to try again.
This publication accompanies the first public unfolding of DiVersions. The texts included in this volume, and the documented projects each in their way resist simplification and homogenization. They pay attention to the historicity and performativity of archives and work with their contradictions rather than against them. DiVersions is a persistent attempt to collaboratively rethink the narratives built in digital collections, and to play with and within their gaps.
- ↑ The Museum has in the mean time shed its royal reference and was renamed into Museum for Art & History.
- ↑ DiVersions started with a worksession in December 2016, organised in collaboration with the Museum for Arts and History. Documentation: http://constantvzw.org/w/?u=http://media.constantvzw.org/wefts/41/
- ↑ DiVersions started with a worksession in December 2016, organised in collaboration with the Museum for Arts and History. Documentation: http://constantvzw.org/w/?u=http://media.constantvzw.org/wefts/41/
- ↑ ‘The language of diversity might have efficacy as a “coping mechanism” for dealing with an actually conflicting heterogeneity’. Himani Bannerji quoted in: Sara Ahmed, (2007) On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life
- ↑ There is a interesting historicity just in the name of the museum which was originally called "Palace of the colonies" to pass by various names until today’s “Africa Museum”. This evolution transpires as an attempt to further away the institution from its colonial roots and transform it into a museum of Africa, the land and its people. The succession of those names works as an meaningful archive of the museum’s slow evolution struggling to respond to its environment.
- ↑ UNESCO defines Cultural heritage as “the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.“ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/
DiVersions: une introduction
DiVersions s’inspire de la pratique logicielle du ‘versioning’ comme moyen d’expérimenter avec les collections en ligne d’institutions culturelles. Le projet considère ces collections comme des sites potentiels de pratique décoloniale et intersectionnelle, qui pourraient et devraient permettre les conflits, inviter la collaboration et laisser place à d’autres récits.
DiVersions pose des questions telles que : Comment différents ordres peuvent-ils coexister dans les collections en ligne ? Comment faire de la place pour le patrimoine matériel et immatériel de l’avenir, pour des choses que l’on devine hors de portée des musées et des archives, ou pour d’autres choses pouvant être consciemment ignorées ? Comment ces environnements numériques peuvent-ils nous permettre d’ouvrir un débat sur les relations entre catégorisation, colonisation et patrimoine ? Comment les collections en ligne peuvent-elles s’adapter à des perspectives radicalement différentes, et parfois opposées ?
Le projet est organisé autour de sept expérimentations artistiques qui furent travaillées en réponse à des collections électroniques spécifiques telles que WikiMedia, la base de données Carmentis du Musée d’Art et d’Histoire et le site web de Werkplaats immaterieel erfgoed. À l’aide de diverses stratégies artistiques, les projets testent de manière pratique comment les techniques et les technologies de collaboration en réseau peuvent générer d’autres imaginations. Les projets sont développés collectivement en dialogue les uns avec les autres et en conversation avec les institutions partenaires. DiVersions se déploie en deux ensembles d’installations publiques, d’abord à Pianofabriek à Bruxelles, puis à De Krook à Gand. Chacune des deux versions est accompagnée d’une version d’une publication, d’un atelier et d’un débat public.
Avec le néologisme ‘DiVersions’, nous voulions faire allusion à la possibilité que les technologies de ‘versioning’ puissent mettre en avant des histoires divergentes. [1] Les systèmes de contrôle de version, wikis, étherpads et autres outils d’écriture numérique enregistrent régulièrement les fichiers ‘log’ et les ‘diffs’, modifiant potentiellement les relations linéaires entre original et copie, redéfinissant ainsi les questions liées à la paternité de l’œuvre et aux archives. Les flux de travail méticuleusement consignés promettent de rendre transparent le processus d’édition partagée puisque toute action peut être inversée ou répétée à tout moment ; les erreurs ou les entrées non désirées peuvent être corrigées ultérieurement. Même si la narration conventionnelle du ‘versioning’ consiste à rationaliser la collaboration et à produire un consensus, ces techniques et technologies prêtent intrinsèquement attention à la différence. En néerlandais, c’est devenu ‘di-versies’ comme un jeu sur versions divergentes ou diverses. Traduit en français et en anglais, DiVersions évoque aussi la ‘diversité’, un mot qui, surtout dans les contextes institutionnels, a commencé à circuler comme terme camouflant les problématiques liées aux questions d’inégalité et d’oppression. [2] C’est pour cette raison que nous avons décidé d’articuler explicitement le projet en tant que pratique décoloniale et intersectionnelle.
Formuler DiVersions à la fois comme ‘décolonial’ et ‘intersectionnel’ pourrait apparaître comme un geste contradictoire, si l’on considère que la pratique d’assembler une collection (numérique) est profondément ancrée dans les efforts coloniaux de tri et de catégorisation du monde, humain.e.s y compris. DiVersions fait consciemment ce mouvement paradoxal parce qu’il semble plus que nécessaire d’imaginer, sans chercher à réparer, des collections électroniques qui peuvent devenir autoréflexives et conscientes de la violence physique et épistémique qui les alimente et les maintient en place. Partant de processus de logiciels qui rendent visible la multiplicité des versions dans le fonctionnement d’un projet ou d’un processus, DiVersions est une tentative de prendre en compte les complexités persistantes des relations d’humain.e à humain.e et d’humain.e à machine et les tensions et conflits sous-jacents qui en résultent.
En décembre 2016, lors de la première phase de DiVersions, le Musée de Tervuren était déjà fermé depuis plusieurs années. [3] Trois ans plus tard, juste avant la relance de la deuxième phase de DiVersions, le musée avait finalement rouvert ses portes. La rénovation fût revendiquée comme un moment charnière pour la décolonisation de cette institution, symbole fondamental de l’entreprise coloniale belge. La réouverture suscita de nombreux débats animés sur la question de savoir si le musée avait réussi ou échoué dans son entreprise, mais aussi si une telle institution, compte tenu de ses liens inhérents avec la colonisation belge, pourrait un jour prétendre à un tel processus. Non pas que le discours décolonial ait été absent en Belgique, mais il n’avait pas encore bénéficié des mêmes plates-formes grand public que lors de ces débats.
Les discussions autour de la réouverture du Musée de Tervuren nous ont fait prendre conscience que le travail de DiVersions pourrait être plus urgent que nous ne le pensions initiallement. Trois ans après le début du projet, nous commençons tout juste à adresser de grandes questions telles que les implications des technologies numériques sur la représentation, la collaboration et l’accès, les problèmes inhérents à l’archivage et à la collecte, les problèmes de normativité institutionnelle et les hypothèses d’identité homogène qui se glissent dans la politique du patrimoine culturel et surtout, la manière dont cela se déroule dans le complexe environnement belge avec son histoire coloniale spécifique.
La construction de dépôts physiques et numériques est une conséquence du capital social et symbolique que représente le patrimoine culturel. [4] Cette valeur nécessite des archives institutionnalisées, la conservation de documents numériques/physiques et l’établissement de pratiques codifiées qui permettent aux institutions de maintenir leur autorité par la classification et la médiation. Cette confirmation mutuelle de ce qui compte comme patrimoine, comme identité, comme histoire et comme avenir bénéfique, construit des récits spécifiques qui laissent généralement peu de place à la critique. Cependant, des possibilités s’ouvrent à la pratique de l’archivage des artefacts culturels, en particulier dans un contexte numérique, dans lequel cela peut devenir un outil de résistance à l’oppression et à l’annihilation.
Atteindre ce potentiel est plus facile à dire qu’à faire, car les espaces numériques eux-mêmes sont imprégnés de critères, de modèles, de normes, etc. en apparence neutres. Par exemple, les technologies de base de données affirment régulièrement l’autorité de certains types d’expert.e.s et non d’autres ; les algorithmes corroborent les clichés de genre et Wikipedia a étonnamment peu de place pour des visions du monde divergentes. DiVersions s’occupe donc non seulement des éléments numériques rassemblés dans les collections électroniques, mais aussi de la façon dont les métadonnées, les progiciels et les technologies Web empêchent ou donnent de la place aux di-Versions.
Les collections numériques peuvent techniquement être copiées, répétées, téléchargées et utilisées dans de nombreux contextes à la fois. Cela signifie que l’inertie des arrangements conventionnels opèrent différemment ; la vulnérabilité physique, la valeur matérielle et historique des objets patrimoniaux ne peuvent être utilisées comme argument. DiVersions veut activement explorer le potentiel des collections numériques afin de soutenir un discours décolonial et intersectionnel vif et l’ouverture des catégories. DiVersions expérimente donc avec le patrimoine numérisé et numérique comme un moyen d’expérimenter avec des formes divergentes d’historiographie, de raconter des histoires inédites et d’ouvrir de vastes possibilités de dé- et reconstruction conceptuelle. Même si ces expériences ne transforment pas définitivement l’ordre symbolique, elles laissent au moins place aux fantasmes.
DiVersions poursuit certains des fils conducteurs de l’engagement de longue date de Constant dans l’exploration des technologies institutionnelles et archivistiques depuis des perspectives féministes. Des recherches pluriannuelles telles que Active Archives, Mondotheque et Scandinavian Institute for Computational Vandalism ont permis à différentes constellations d’artistes-chercheur.euse.s de se familiariser avec les relations de pouvoir, les oppressions et les projections à l’œuvre dans les archives (numériques). Comme le montre DiVersions, un tel travail n’est jamais terminé et continue d’inviter à la réflexion, à la critique et à de nouvelles tentatives. Nous devons continuer d’essayer.
Cette publication accompagne la première manifestation publique de DiVersions. Les textes inclus dans ce volume et les projets documentés résistent, chacun à leur manière, à la simplification et à l’homogénéisation. Ils sont attentifs à l’historicité et à la performativité des archives et travaillent avec leurs contradictions plutôt que contre elles. DiVersions est une tentative persistante de repenser collaborativement les récits construits dans les collections numériques et de jouer avec et au sein de leurs lacunes.
- ↑ DiVersions a commencé comme session de travail en décembre 2016, organisée en collaboration avec le Musée d’Art et d’Histoire. Documentation: http://constantvzw.org/w/?u=http://media.constantvzw.org/wefts/41/#
- ↑ «Le langage de la diversité pourrait être efficace comme ‘mécanisme d’adaptation’ pour faire face à une hétérogénéité qui peut être en fait conflictuelle». Himani Bannerji dans: Sara Ahmed, (2007) On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life
- ↑ Il y a une historicité intéressante juste dans le nom du musée qui s’appelait à l’origine Palais des colonies, pour passer sous différents noms jusqu’à l’actuel Africa Museum. Cette évolution apparaît comme une tentative d’éloigner l’institution de ses racines coloniales et de la transformer en un musée de l’Afrique, de la terre et de ses habitant.e.s. La succession de ces noms constitue une archive significative de la lente évolution du musée s’efforçant de s’adapter à son environnement.
- ↑ L’UNESCO définit le patrimoine culturel comme suit : “the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.“ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/
DiVersies: een inleiding
DiVersies is geïnspireerd op ‘versioning’, een dagelijkse softwarepraktijk die we als aanleiding gebruiken om te experimenteren met online collecties van culturele instellingen. Het benadert die collecties als potentiële plekken waar conflicten mogelijk zijn, voor dekoloniaal en intersectioneel werk, die uitnodigen tot samenwerking en die ruimte maken voor andere verhalen.
DiVersies stelt vragen zoals: Hoe kunnen verschillende ordeningen naast elkaar bestaan in online collecties? Op welke manier maken we ruimte voor het materiëel en immateriëel erfgoed van de toekomst, voor dingen die buiten de reikwijdte van musea en archieven vallen of voor andere dingen die bewust worden genegeerd? Hoe kunnen we in deze digitale omgevingen een discussie op gang brengen over de relaties tussen categorisering, kolonisatie en erfgoed? Hoe kunnen online collecties radicaal verschillende, en soms tegengestelde perspectieven herbergen?
DiVersies draait rond zeven artistieke experimenten die werden ontwikkeld naar aanleiding van specifieke e-collecties zoals WikiMedia, de Carmentis-databank van het Museum voor Kunst en Geschiedenis en de website van Werkplaats immaterieel erfgoed. Aan de hand van een verscheidenheid aan artistieke strategieën testen de projecten uit hoe technieken en technologieën die allereerst zijn bedoeld om samen te werken in een (digitaal) netwerk, misschien andere verbeeldingen kunnen genereren. De projecten worden ontwikkeld in dialoog met elkaar en in gesprek met partnerinstellingen. DiVersies ontvouwt zich in twee opeenvolgende publieke installaties, eerst in De Pianofabriek in Brussel en later in De Krook in Gent. Elk van de twee versies gaat vergezeld van een publicatie, een workshop en een publieke discussie.
Met het neologisme ‘DiVersies’ wilden we verwijzen naar de mogelijkheid dat als we ‘versioning’ technieken inzetten, misschien andere geschiedenissen op de voorgrond zouden kunnen treden.[1] Versiecontrolesystemen, wiki’s, etherpads en andere digitale schrijftools slaan routinematig logbestanden en zogenaamde ‘diffs’ op, waardoor de rechtlijnige verhouding tussen origineel en kopie verandert, en vragen over het auteurschap en het archief opnieuw kunnen worden gesteld. Nauwkeurig gelogde workflows beloven collectieve processen transparant te maken, omdat elke actie op elk moment kan worden teruggedraaid of herhaald; fouten of ongewenste invoer kunnen altijd later worden gecorrigeerd. Ook al draait het conventionele verhaal van ‘versioning’ rond het stroomlijnen van samenwerking en het tot stand brengen van consensus, deze technieken en technologieën besteden inherent aandacht aan verschil. In het Nederlands werd dit ‘di-versies; een spel met uiteenlopende of uiteenlopende versies. Vertaald naar het Engels en Frans, roept DiVersies ook ‘diversiteit’ op, een term die vooral in een institutionele context circuleert en vaak als een stoplap fungeert om kwesties van ongelijkheid en onderdrukking te verdoezelen.[2] Om die reden besloten we het project expliciet te verwoorden als een dekoloniale en intersectionele praktijk.
Het lijkt een tegenstrijdig gebaar om DiVersies zowel ‘dekoloniaal’ als ‘intersectioneel’ te benoemen, zeker als we bedenken dat de praktijk van (digitale) collecties diep geworteld is in koloniale pogingen om de wereld te ordenen en in te delen, met inbegrip van mensen. DiVersies maakt deze paradoxale stap bewust omdat het meer dan noodzakelijk lijkt om zich zelfreflexieve e-collecties voor te stellen, zonder te proberen hun problemen te repareren. Collecties die ons bewust maken van het fysieke en epistemische geweld waaruit ze zijn ontstaan, en dat hen op hun plaats houdt. Vertrekkend vanuit softwareprocessen die de veelheid aan versies in de werking van een project of een proces zichtbaar maken, is DiVersies een poging om rekening te houden met de hardnekkige complexiteit van de mens-naar-mens en mens-naar-machine-verhoudingen, en van de spanningen en conflicten die daaruit voortvloeien.
In december 2016, toen de eerste fase van DiVersies plaatsvond, was het Museum van Tervuren al enkele jaren gesloten.[3] Drie jaar later, net voor we aan de tweede fase van DiVersies begonnen, werd het museum eindelijk heropend. De renovatie zou een cruciaal moment moeten zijn voor de dekolonisatie van deze instelling, dat een belangrijk symbool is van de Belgische koloniale onderneming. De heropening van het museum leidde tot verhitte discussies over de vraag of het museum er al dan niet in slaagde te dekoloniseren, maar ook over de vraag of een dergelijke instelling, gezien haar inherente banden met het Belgische kolonialisme, ooit aanspraak zou kunnen maken op een dergelijk proces. Niet dat het dekoloniale discours in België ooit afwezig was, maar het kreeg nog niet eerder dezelfde mainstreamplatforms als tijdens deze debatten.
De discussies rond de heropening van het Museum van Tervuren deden ons beseffen dat het werk van DiVersies misschien wel urgenter is dan we aanvankelijk dachten. Drie jaar na de opening van het project staan we nog maar aan het begin van grote vragen, zoals de implicaties van digitale technologieën voor representatie, samenwerking en toegang; de inherente problemen van archivering en collectievorming; de problemen met institutionele normativiteit en de veronderstellingen over homogene identiteit die in het beleid van het cultureel erfgoed sluipen, en vooral hoe dit alles past in de complexe Belgische context en zijn specifieke koloniale geschiedenis.
De constructie van fysieke en digitale archieven is een gevolg van het sociale en symbolische kapitaal dat cultureel erfgoed vertegenwoordigt.[4] Het vereist dat geïnstitutionaliseerde archieven worden opgezet, dat digitale/fysieke documenten worden bijgehouden en dat gecodificeerde praktijken worden ontwikkeld die instellingen in staat stellen om met behulp van classificatiesystemen en mediatie hun autoriteit te bestendigen. De wederzijdse bevestiging van wat telt als erfgoed, als identiteit, als geschiedenis en als een nuttige toekomst, construeert specifieke verhalen die meestal weinig ruimte laten voor kritiek. Maar vooral in een digitale context openen zich mogelijkheden voor een archiefpraktijk die zich verzet tegen onderdrukking en annihilatie.
Om dit potentieel te activeren is gemakkelijker gezegd dan gedaan, want digitale ruimtes zijn zélf doordrongen van ogenschijnlijk neutrale criteria, templates, standaarden, enzovoort. Databasetechnologieën bevestigen bijvoorbeeld routinematig de autoriteit van bepaalde soorten deskundigen en niet van andere; algoritmen onderschrijven gender cliches en bijvoorbeeld Wikipedia heeft verrassend weinig ruimte voor afwijkende wereldbeelden. DiVersies houdt zich daarom niet alleen bezig met welke digitale items die in e-collecties worden samengebracht, maar ook met de manier waarop metadata, softwarepakketten en webtechnologieën ruimte voor Di-Versies voorkomen of juist creëeren.
Digitale collecties kunnen technisch gezien worden gekopieerd, herhaald, gedownload, en in vele contexten tegelijk gebruikt. Het betekent dat de inertie van conventionele arrangementen anders werkt; de fysieke kwetsbaarheid, materiële en historische waarde van erfgoedobjecten kan niet als argument worden gebruikt. DiVersies wil de mogelijkheden van digitale collecties inzetten om een levendig dekoloniaal en intersectioneel discours te voeden en de openstelling van categorieën te bewerkstelligen. DiVersies experimenteert daarom met gedigitaliseerd en digitaal erfgoed als een manier om uiteenlopende vormen van geschiedschrijving uit te proberen, om nog onvertelde verhalen te vertellen en om conceptuele de- en reconstructiemogelijkheden ruim baan te geven. Ook al veranderen deze experimenten de symbolische orde misschien niet definitief, ze maken in ieder geval ruimte om er over te fantaseren.
DiVersies past in Constants lange betrokkenheid bij de exploratie van institutionele en archiveringstechnologieën vanuit een feministisch perspectief. Projecten zoals Active Archives, Mondotheque en Scandinavisch Instituut voor Computationeel Vandalisme boden platform aan diverse constellaties van kunstenaar-onderzoekers om soms gedurende meerdere jaren rond de machtsverhoudingen, onderdrukking en projecties in het (digitale) archief te werken. Zoals DiVersies laat zien, is dergelijk werk nooit af en nodigt het steeds uit tot reflectie, kritiek en nieuwe pogingen. We blijven het proberen.
Deze publicatie verschijnt bij de eerste publieke presentatie van DiVersies. De teksten, beelden en de gedocumenteerde projecten verzetten zich ieder op een eigen manier tegen simplificatie en homogenisering. Ze besteden aandacht aan de historiciteit en performativiteit van archieven en gaan aan de slag met hun tegenstellingen inplaats van er tegenin te gaan. DiVersies is een volhardende poging om samen de verhalen die in digitale collecties zijn ingebouwd, opnieuw te bekijken en om in en met de lacunes te spelen.
- ↑ DiVersies begon met een werksessie in december 2016, georganiseerd in samenwerking met het Museum voor Kunst en Geschiedenis. Documentatie: http://constantvzw.org/w/?u=http://media.constantvzw.org/wefts/41/
- ↑ “De taal van diversiteit kan effectief zijn als een ‘coping mechanisme’ om te kunnen omgaan met een heterogeniteit die in werkelijkheid conflictueus is”. Himani Bannerji in: Sarah Ahmed, On being included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life (2017)
- ↑ Er is een interessante historiciteit alleen al in de naam van het museum dat oorspronkelijk Paleis van de Koloniën heette en dat nu “Afrikamuseum“ wordt genoemd. Deze evolutie blijkt een poging te zijn om het instituut verder van zijn koloniale wortels af te leiden en het om te vormen tot een museum van Afrika, van het land en zijn bevolking. De opeenvolging van deze namen werkt als een betekenisvol archief van de langzame evolutie van het museum dat worstelt met zijn omgeving.
- ↑ UNESCO definieert cultureel erfgoed als “de erfenis van fysieke artefacten en ongrijpbare attributen van een groep of maatschappij die van vorige generaties worden geërfd, in het heden worden bewaard en ten goede komen aan toekomstige generaties” http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/