Projects:Wikified Colonial Botany

When organic trees meet the data tree

di.versions.space/when-organic-trees-meet-the-data-tree

Wikipedia and Wikidata are used worldwide to train language software, such as translation apps and autocomplete functions in search engines. Wikipedia and Wikidata data is accessible and free of charge, the information is up-to-date and exists in many different languages.

When organic trees look for how they are represented in these databases, cultural and power structures become visible. This work makes it clear, for example, that not all languages are present in the same way. Moreover, the search term tree leads to individual trees, such as the chestnut tree that grew next to Anne Frank's house. Whereas even a child can easily point to a tree in physical life, the concept of a tree is a challenge for programmers in the digital world.

This is the result of the classification culture that prevailed in the 18th century, and more specifically of the Swedish physician and scientist Carl Linnaeus. His classification system lies at the basis of contemporary botanical nomenclature. A tree is non-existent in this nomenclature, in the belief that any plant can potentially grow into a tree, depending on the climate in which it is located.

'When organic trees meet the data tree' gives a voice to trees, algorithms and people. Their visual stories give a critical view on the creation process of apps and other software we use on a daily basis.

• Realisation: Anaïs Berck, Gijs de Heij
• Trees: all species belonging to the families defined on Wikipedia
• Code: Python, Sparqle, Turtle, Jinja, Imagemagick
• Collections: Wikidata, Wikipedia

A conversation with Anaïs about the two versions of this project recorded in June 2020

Wikified Colonial Botany

Wikified Colonial Botany is a proposal to look for otherness in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia and its structural referent Wikidata. The otherness in this work is represented by trees. These other-than-human beings are an essential part of colonial histories, as there existed an intimate relationship between botanical science, commerce and state politics. As Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan state in their book Colonial Botany, ‘colonial endeavours moved plants and knowledge of plants promiscuously around the world’.

Non-western trees were not only moved during that period, they were also renamed by Europeans, using Linnaeus’ classification system. These Latin names are still the global standard today. Their medicinal, edible and material uses were commodified. Botanical gardens were created worldwide as part of the colonial economic exploration policy.

Wikipedia is the most used online source for facts. It is multilingual, daily updated and freely available. Its pages are analysed and added as structural data in Wikidata. This data and all Wikipedia texts are worldwide an important source for developing and training new software's that co-shape our world.

Wikified Colonial Botany shows how Wikipedia and Wikidata represent some major trees originating from different continents. By looking at their quantitative and qualitative descriptions in different languages, Wikified Colonial Botany hopes to give a sense of how the representation of these other-than-human beings is dependent on perspectives and global relationships.

• Code for this project
• Tools: Python, Gimp, Scribus
• Inspiration: Visits to the Botanical Gardens of Bali, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Meise.
• References: Londa Schiebinger & Claudia Swan, Colonial Botany, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2007; Patricia Fara, Sex, Botany and Empire, Icon Books, London, 2017; Guy De Kinder, ABC van het plantenlatijn: betekenis van botanische namen, Guy De Kinder, Melle, 2010.
• Collections: Wikidata, Wikipedia

Close reading

Text on the project written by Anne Laforet goes here.

Anne Laforet, October 2020